Dramatic Context
Georgia Brown
Anatomy | Skin
Above: Primary photographs
zygomaticus (major and minor) are the muscles which draw the corners of the mouth up to laugh.
Risorius pulls the corners of the mouth horizontal, across the face.
The skull is supported directly on top of the vertebral column . It determines the shape of the head. The cranium encloses and protects the brain and is narrower towards the forehead.
Everyone ages differently and at different stages and factors other than genetics contribute to the ageing process greatly. I.e sun damage and smoking will result in premature ageing.
"men are taller than women and have greater body mass and weight.The male face is more angular overall and is usually larger than the female face, andthe lower half of the male face is proportionally larger than the female simply because the lower jaw, or the mandible, of the male is bigger and stronger"
Debreceni, T. (2013). Special make up effects for stage and screen: making and applying prosthetics. 2nd Edition. 70 Blanchard Rd Suite 402 Burlington, MA 01803. Focal Press.
The Fairburn System Of Visual Reference. (1979). The Fairburn System of Visual References: Fairburn Heads, Set 2 Book 2 (Female). Salisbury Square, London: Fairburn Publications Limited.
Above: 360 degree Visual rederence of the head and skull from all angles, found in the fairburn system books of the human head and expression. The images are extremely detailed, covering the skull, muscles and tissues in the heaad and face.
Debreceni, T. (2013). Special make up effects for stage and screen: making and applying prosthetics. 2nd Edition. 70 Blanchard Rd Suite 402 Burlington, MA 01803. Focal Press.
"it is how the muscles affect the overlaying skin as the skin ages that will create alterations"
Useful information for sculpting:
"The height of the side head is one head length" "The top of the ears is in lign with the eyebrows, the ear hole is in line with the bottom of the nose hole"
"The face triangle is from the centre of each pupil, through the nostrils, to the point between the top front teeth"
"A smiling mouth lines up under the pupils. The two lines usually equal the maximum smiling width of the mouth."